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The Pawnee are a federally recognized Midwestern Native American tribe of the Great Plains who traditionally occupied much of Nebraska and Kansas, and now currently reside in Oklahoma. They speak a Caddoan language and are known as the Pawnee nation. The tribe has 4 independent bands: the Chaui (Grand), Kitekhahki (Republican), Pitahawaritaw (Corn eaters) and Skidi (Wolf).〔"Preamble." ''Constitution of the Pawnee Nation of Oklahoma.'' Revised 14 June 2008〕〔Hyde 22〕 Historically, the Pawnee were a semi-nomadic people who lived primarily as agriculturists or farmers. They lived in permanent Earth lodge villages while they grew squash, corn and other foods. They left the villages on annual Buffalo hunts while they used Tipis for traveling in migrational patterns. The Pawnee were the dominant tribe on the Central Plains by the early 19th century and numbered more than 10,000 people, Their numerous villages were located near the Platte, Missouri and Republican regions.〔Parks, Douglas R. ("Pawnee." ) ''Oklahoma Historical Society's Enyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture.'' (retrieved 14 Sept 2011)〕〔"Pawnee" ''Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture'' http://digital.library.okstate.edu/encyclopedia/entries/P/PA022.html, accessed 10 Dec 2012〕 Like other Plains Indians, warfare played a daily part in their way of life, especially after obtaining horses in which they used the aspect of mounted combat to defeat their enemies, although raiding on foot was still a widely used and preferred tactic. The Pawnee had escaped some of the exposure to European infectious diseases impacting other Native American tribes in the West. By 1863, disease had devastated their population to about 5800 people, but by 1868, endemic warfare with other tribes including the Lakota Sioux and Cheyenne to the north, and the Comanche, Arapaho and Kiowa tribes to the south decreased the population to about 1000.〔 In the early-1870s, due to pressure from westward expansion by European-Americans and the destruction of the buffalo herds, the Pawnee ceded most of their traditional hunting lands and territory to the U.S. Government, after this they were forcefully relocated alongside other tribes including the Osage, Otoe, Quapaw, Ponca and Kansa to Oklahoma in 1877. Disease, warfare, poverty and starvation had limited the tribe to only 650 Full-Blood people. Pawnee warriors enlisted in the United States Army as scouts to fight in various conflicts during the Indian Wars, in which they earned a reputation for being a well trained unit, especially in tracking down hostile enemy encampments. Today, most of the tribe live on distant reservation land in Oklahoma. There are around 4,200-5,000 full-blood enrolled Pawnee. Only 76 members can speak the language today. ==Government== There are approximately 3200 enrolled Pawnee and mainly all reside in Oklahoma. Their tribal headquarters is in Pawnee, Oklahoma and their tribal jurisdictional area is in parts of Noble, Payne, and Pawnee counties. The tribal constitution establishes the government of the Pawnee Nation of Oklahoma. This government consists of the Nasharo Council, the Pawnee Business Council, and the Supreme Court. Enrollment into the tribe requires a minimum blood quantum.〔 The Nasharo Council, also known as the "Chiefs Council" consists of eight (8) members, each serving four-year terms. Each band shall have two (2) representatives on the Nasharo Council selected by the members of the tribal bands, Chaui, Kitkehahki, Pitahawirata and Skidi. The Nasharo Council shall have the right to review all acts of the Pawnee Business Council regarding the Pawnee Nation of Oklahoma membership and Pawnee Nation of Oklahoma claims or rights growing out of treaties between the Pawnee Nation of Oklahoma and the United States according to provision listed in the Pawnee Nation Constitution. * Morgan Littlesun, 1st Chief Kitkehahki Band * Ralph Haymond, 2nd Chief Kitkehahki Band, 2nd Nasharo Council Chief * Matt Reed, 2nd Chief Chaui Band * Pat Leading Fox, Sr., 1st Chief Skidi Band * Jimmy Horn, 1st Chief Chaui Band, Nasharo Council Treasurer * Warren Pratt, Jr., 2nd Chief Skidi Band, Nasharo Council 1st Chief * Francis Morris, 1st Chief Pitahauirata Band * Lester Sun Eagle, 2nd Chief Pitahauirata Band, Nasharo Council Secretary The Pawnee Business Council is the supreme governing body of the Pawnee Tribe of Oklahoma. Subject to the limitations imposed by the Constitution and applicable Federal law, thePawnee Business Council shall exercise all the inherent, statutory, and treaty powers of the Pawnee Nation of Oklahoma by the enactment of legislation, the transaction of business, and by otherwise speaking or acting on behalf of the Pawnee Nation of Oklahoma on all matters which the Pawnee Nation of Oklahoma is empowered to act, including the authority to hire legal counsel to represent the Pawnee Nation of Oklahoma. Current Pawnee Business Council: * Marshall R. Gover, President * Bruce Pratt, Vice President * Misty M. Nuttle, Treasurer * Phammie N. Littlesun, Secretary * Richard Tilden, Council Seat #1 * Karla Knife Chief, Council Seat #2 * Adrian Spotted Horsechief, Council Seat #3 * Liana Chapman Teter, Council Seat #4 The new Council members were voted in by the people; elections are held every two years on the first Saturday in May. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Pawnee people」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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